The health care delivery system requires a focused awareness of injury and pathology evaluation, analysis of the data, concise, well-written reporting and the ability to testify on the forensic conclusions. Each year, more than 39 million people are hospitalized or receive emergency treatment for accidental injuries, and more than three million American workers sustain disabling injuries on the job. Many of these cases result in legal action claims, including: Social Security; veterans' disability; Family Medical Leave Act disability; personal disability; Americans with Disabilities Act; workers' compensation; fraud and criminal investigation; and personal injury litigation. These areas represent a substantial market for forensic chiropractic examiners who offer diagnostic, medical and psychological disability evaluation for work functional capacity; forensic chiropractic document management; forensic chiropractic peer or diagnostic review; forensic chiropractic review of diagnostic procedures; fraud or criminal investigation; developing anti-fraud programs; and related services. It also provides opportunity for forensic chiropractic experts to team with legal, special investigative units of the insurers; fraud divisions of state insurance commissioners; the Office of the Inspector General health care fraud investigators; and other representatives in providing forensic chiropractic expert testimony.
The basic premise is that forensic chiropractic examiners1 are first and foremost teachers. The certified forensic examiner is the primary influence in instructing patients; special investigative units; public advocates; universities; and medical and legal organizations in the wide-ranging techniques that fall within the forensic chiropractic science category.
Forensic chiropractic is a science and methodology that deals with the relation and application of chiropractic and scientific facts to legal problems. It refers to the certified independent forensic chiropractic medical examiner (CIFCME) who performs an orderly analysis; investigation; inquiry; test; inspection; and examination in an attempt to obtain the facts and make an expert opinion. CIFCMEs do not "win" or "lose" cases. Forensic chiropractors seek only the truth; they conduct evaluations, examinations and inquiries, and report the true results of their findings in an unbiased and objective manner that a reasonable person could understand.
Forensic chiropractic methods and criteria must be objective and bench-marking results need to be repeatable. Forensic chiropractic examination protocols, algorithms, and techniques should be comprehensive, but not overly complicated. The methods and results must be understandable to the requesting agencies for the judicial process.
Forensic Chiropractic History
The National Board of Forensic Chiropractors (NBOFC), and the CIFCMEC were created to promote competency in the chiropractic profes-sional's ability to perform excellent independent forensic exams; forensic chiropractic document management; forensic chiropractic peer or diagnostic review; forensic chiropractic review of diagnostic procedures; evaluation for work functional capacities; impairment rating; scientific peer review of literature; standards of care analysis; investigation of suspicious medical claims; and to be state and federally recognized as forensic expert witnesses. The NBOFC's 120-hour, 10-module program is cosponsored through the postprofessional, graduate and continuing education program at Lincoln College, a division of the National University of Health Sciences, and is approved for continuing chiropractic education in 31 states.
The NBOFC and the CIFCMEC were registered on June 1, 1999 with the United States Patent and Trademark Office, registration number 2,250,653, for educational testing services, mainly for developing, constructing and administering tests and test programs for candidates as doctors in forensic medicine, and for candidates for certification in the relation and application of chiropractic facts to legal problems, in Class 42 (U.S. CLS. 100 and 101).
Examining Board and Criteria
The CIFCMEC is the examining and certifying body for examiners, scientists, and professionals involved in forensic chiropractic analysis and evaluation. It endorsed the guidelines for accreditation standard setting of health care organizations through the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), the accreditation body for the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA).
The CIFCME is an individual who completes the necessary coursework specializing in NBOFC chiropractic forensics from an NBOFC-co-sponsored department of education accredited institution, but also completes and signs its code of ethics and independently verifies the professional license requirements, and passes a rigorous certifying examination.
CIFCMEC Requirements:
A provider seeking to qualify as a CIFCME must satisfactorily complete a minimum of 120 postgraduate hours in prescribed educational areas and successfully pass the written forensic examination as outlined above. Each category and the recommended minimum number of hours are noted under the requirement section in the candidate's guide and on the NBOFC website (www.forensic examiners.org). Credit for each category is obtained by completing the minimum number of hours and successful, passing a category examination on the subject matter presented in each session. Education may be obtained from any institution having status with an accredited agency recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or program acceptable to the CIFCMEC. Any postgraduate course being used to meet these requirements is subject to approval and must be verified in writing by the CIFCMEC.
The current requirements for certification through December 31, 2002:
Part I - Copyright Written Examination (Chiropractic Forensics) This examination can be taken after completing the 120-hour forensics program. The examination consists of an oral examination and a series of multiple-choice questions divided into 10 sections. The examination includes recall, interpretation and problem-solving type questions. The content areas of the examination include the following components:
Part III - Passing the CIFCMEC copyright forensic specific examination (all 10 parts).
Note: A candidate may sit for the forensic specific exam (Part I) and will be certified as a CIFCME after successfully completing three of the components listed above.
General Information
The examination is offered once each year at the completion of the National Board of Forensic Chiropractors' (NBOFC) 120-hour training program. There may be other examination dates as approved by the CIFCMEC.
Forensic Chiropractic Skill Sets
The CIFCME must have scientific, technical and specialized knowledge to assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact. The chiropractic professional qualified by knowledge, skill, expertise, training and education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise:2,3
CIFCMEs shall:
Many relevant diagnostic signs are not performed deliberately by the examiner or by the patient at the examiner’s direction. They are observed as the patient reacts to their condition. Fortin’s finger sign, Minor’s sign, and Vanzetti’s sign are three examples of this principle.
Spearheaded by burgeoning scientific and clinical research literature, psychedelics have reached a level of media coverage and popular interest that has not been seen for over half a century. By “psychedelics,” we are referring to the unique class of substances that includes psilocybin (the active compound found in so-called “magic mushrooms”), LSD, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), ayahuasca, 5-MeO-DMT, and mescaline – each of which occurs in the natural world (except for LSD, which is a semi-synthetic compound).
While working at the Lovelace Medical Center in Albuquerque, N.M., one of the primary care physicians stated that imaging every patient prior to receiving chiropractic was not medically necessary. It was at that point I reconsidered the need for the imaging of every patient to avoid malpractice.
